Abstract: Pediatric glioma,the most common central nervous system tumor in children,has undergone transformative changes in diagnosis and treatment due to advances in molecular biology.The 2021 WHO classification now recognizes pediatric gliomas as distinct entities,highlighting differences in driver mutations,epigenetics,and tumor microenvironment compared to adults.This review summarizes recent progress in molecular subtyping,surgical management,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy.Molecular profiling of BRAF,H3K27M,IDH,and other alterations enables prognostic stratification and guides targeted interventions.Surgical innovations,including advanced imaging and intraoperative monitoring,have improved resection rates and safety for thalamic and brainstem tumors.Targeted agents such as tovorafenib and vorasidenib are expanding treatment options for young children and delaying radiation.Emerging immunotherapies,including GPC2-CAR T cells,show promising efficacy.However,challenges such drug delivery barriers,resistance mechanisms,and research on rare subtypes remain.Multidisciplinary collaboration and precision medicine are steadily enhancing survival and quality of life for young patients.

Key words: pediatric glioma, molecular subtyping, precision therapy